![]() In turn, the committee of states could appoint a presiding officer or president for a term of one year. ![]() To execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with The Congress was authorized to appoint an executive committee of states The Articles established a Congress of the confederation as a unicameral assembly of ambassadors from the 13 states, each possessing a single vote. The Commonwealth, formerly (1931–49) the British Commonwealth of Nations, and the French Community are cases of this type.Īn example of confederal arrangements that gave birth to a federal union is the Articles of Confederation (1781–89) that preceded the Constitution of the United States. In some other cases, confederations have replaced more centralized arrangements, as, for example, when empires disintegrate and are replaced by voluntary associations of their former colonies. Thus, the federal union of modern Switzerland was preceded by a confederation of the Swiss cantons Germany’s modern federal arrangements may be traced to the German Confederation of the 19th century (the Deutsche Bund) and the federal constitution of the United States is the successor to the government of the Articles of Confederation. Historically, confederations have often proved to be a first or second step toward the establishment of a national state, usually as a federal union. In some cases such groupings are motivated primarily by political or economic concerns in others, military objectives are paramount. The term federation is used to refer to groupings of states, often on a regional basis, that establish central executive machinery to implement policies or to supervise joint activities. Confederations usually fail to provide for an effective executive authority and lack viable central governments their member states typically retain their separate military establishments and separate diplomatic representation and members are generally accorded equal status with an acknowledged right of secession from the confederation. The limitations on the freedom of action of the member states may be as trivial as an acknowledgment of their duty to consult with each other before taking some independent action or as significant as the obligation to be bound by majority decisions of the member states.
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